The Collserola mountain range forms the northern barrier to
Barcelona's expansion. It overlooks the city, one of the densest urban areas of
the Mediterranean coastline and
consequently has required the greatest management. The south-facing slopes are
very steep in contrast to the gentle north-facing slopes. The differences in
aspect are reflected in the vegetation, with meadows and shrub land on the sunny
slopes, and forests of evergreen and deciduous oak in the shaded areas.
The Collserola is composed of two types of rock: metamorphic
(slates, quartzites, metamorphic limestones) and igneous (granite). The granite
has weathered in the wetter areas to a very fertile 'saulo' soil, highly valued
for cultivation. Many springs are found adjacent to the impermeable granite and
the Romans made use of these to take water via aqueducts to Barcelona. The
remains of these aqueducts can still be found in the Collserola and Barcelona
itself.
Throughout the twentieth century, the growing urban area
swallowed up more and more land, resulting in the General Metropolitan Plan of
1976 which defined the large open spaces to be preserved and protected from
urban sprawl.
The Park's management plan seeks to conserve the natural
resources and ecological balance, as well as developing the area as a leisure
resource. Human activities have been regulated through zoning and planning
regulations. Management strategies include control of public and private
activities, conservation, restoration, construction of leisure areas and
environmental education.
A variety of forest ecosystems can be found in the Park. The
first is mixed forest with Aleppo pine, evergreen and deciduous oak. A second
kind of forest is a true pine forest which has taken the place of the old
vineyards which were cultivated until the beginning of this century. This
adaptation can be explained by the soil degradation and lack of soil moisture of
the former vine cultivation areas. A further kind of forest is also pine in
nature but which is evolving towards an oak climax vegetation. These are found
on the shaded slopes where there has been an absence of cultivation in recent
centuries.
Other ecosystems include deciduous trees and wetland vegetation
in the valley bottoms. Hazel predominates on the lower slopes. More open valleys
contain another kind of woodland, comprising fast-growing trees which shoot up
straight and grow to great heights.
Pine forest is more common on sunny slopes due to the evolution
of the vegetation after a fire. When a pine forest with undergrowth on the sunny
slopes burns, germination of the pine-nuts is very fast and the pines grow back.
On the other hand, when a pine forest on a shaded, damp slope burns, the
vegetation which appears after the fire is a scrub of sprouting plants such as
evergreen and deciduous oaks and strawberry tree, which choke down the growth of
the pine.
Brolla shrub land is found in dry, arid areas on south-facing
slopes. The plants are specially adapted to the drought conditions, being dry
and thorny. Garrigue vegetation is found in areas with alkaline soils.
Study Options
Park management strategies.
The effectiveness of visitor
management:
in the Park in general;
in the Parc de Vallvidrera,
one of the most accessible and popular areas for visitors to the Collserola.
An examination of visitor
profiles, activities and perceptions.
An
investigation into perceptual, ecological and physical carrying capacities.
An investigation of visitor
pressure and the calculation of ecological impact.
The influence of aspect,
altitude and slope angle on natural vegetation.
The influence of rock type
on natural vegetation and farming land use.
The relationship between
valley width and tree height.
The relationship between
slope aspect and the density of pine vegetation.
Vegetation succession from
maquis to evergreen oak forest.
The relationship between
aspect, altitude and the incidence of brolla vegetation.
The relationship between
rock type and slope angle.
Microclimate investigations:
the effect of aspect on temperature;
the effects of altitude on a valley-side
microclimate;
coastline and
consequently has required the greatest management. The south-facing slopes are
very steep in contrast to the gentle north-facing slopes. The differences in
aspect are reflected in the vegetation, with meadows and shrub land on the sunny
slopes, and forests of evergreen and deciduous oak in the shaded areas.
Park management strategies.
in the Park in general;